Preparation

M'smen stands among the world's great flatbreads, its layers created through folding rather than lamination, each one capable of shattering like glass while remaining tender within. Street vendors across Morocco cook these on large griddles, but the air fryer's all-around heat creates even more dramatic layering. The honey-harissa glaze is non-traditional but transforms these into something between savory and sweet that's entirely addictive.

Dough Development

1. Combine both flours, salt, and sugar in a large bowl.
2. Gradually add warm water while mixing, bringing together into a soft dough.
3. Knead vigorously for 10 minutes until very smooth and elastic. The dough should be soft but not sticky.
4. Divide into 6 equal pieces and roll each into a smooth ball. Coat each with oil, cover, and rest for 30 minutes.

Folding Technique

1. On an oiled surface, flatten one dough ball with oiled hands, then stretch into a very thin rectangle, about 30cm x 20cm. You should almost see through it.
2. Spread softened butter thinly across the entire surface.
3. Fold the dough like a letter: bottom third up, top third down, then fold the sides to create a square. Press gently.
4. Let rest for 10 minutes while you prepare the others.

Air Frying

1. Mix honey, harissa, and water for the glaze.
2. Preheat air fryer to 200°C.
3. Flatten each folded square gently to about 1cm thickness.
4. Cook in air fryer for 5 minutes, then flip and brush with honey-harissa glaze. Cook 4 more minutes.
5. Flip again, glaze the other side, and cook for a final 3 minutes until golden with some charred spots.

These are best eaten immediately while you can hear the layers crackling. Tear them rather than cutting—the layered structure reveals itself beautifully. They work for breakfast, as a side to tagines, or alone with mint tea.